Impact of weight loss and weight gain trajectories on body composition in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort analysis.

AIM: In a primary care population at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 24-month weight change trajectories were used to investigate the impact of weight cycling on fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cohort data from the Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes trial was used, which recruited adults at-risk of type 2 diabetes from primary care in 2009/10. Annual weight change trajectories based on weight loss/gain of ≥5% were assessed over two 24-month periods. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Repeated measures were analysed using generalized estimating equations with participants contributing up to two 24-month observation periods. RESULTS: In total, 622 participants were included (average age = 63.6 years, body mass index = 32.0 kg/m2 , 35.4% women), contributing 1163 observations. Most observations (69.2%) were from those that maintained their body weight, with no change to FM or FFM. A minority (4.6% of observations) lost over 5% of body weight between baseline and 12 months, which was then regained between 12 and 24 months. These individuals regained FM to baseline levels, but lost 1.50 (0.66, 2.35) kg FFM, adjusted for confounders. In contrast, those that gained weight between baseline and 12 months but lost weight between 12 and 24 months (5.5% of observations) had a net gain in FM of 1.70 (0.27, 3.12) kg with no change to FFM. CONCLUSION: Weight cycling may be associated with a progressive loss in FFM and/or gain in FM in those with overweight and obesity at-risk of type 2 diabetes.

Morbidity and mortality of diabetes with surgery.

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased; as a result the number of patients with T2DM undergoing surgical procedures has also increased. This population is at high risk of macrovascular (cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease) or microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy) complications, both increasing their perioperative morbidity and mortality. Diabetes patients are more at risk of poor wound healing, respiratory infection, myocardial infarction, admission to intensive care, and increased hospital length of stay. This leads to increased inpatient costs. The outcome of perioperative glycaemia management remains a significant clinical problem without a universally accepted solution. The majority of evidence on morbidity and mortality of T2DM patients undergoing surgery comes from the setting of cardiac surgery; there was less evidence on noncardiac surgery and bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is increasingly performed in patients with severe obesity complicated by T2DM, but is distinguished from general surgery as it immediately improves the glucose homeostasis postoperatively. The improvements in glycaemia are thought to be independent of weight loss and this requires different postoperative management. Patients usually have to follow specific preoperative diets which lead to improvement in glycaemia immediately before surgery. Here we review the available data on the mortality and morbidity of patients with T2DM who underwent elective surgery (cardiac, non-cardiac and bariatric surgery) and the current knowledge of the impact that preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative glycaemic management has on operative outcomes.

La prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) ha incrementado en los últimos años, y como resultado, el número de pacientes con DM2 sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos también ha aumentado. Esta población posee un alto riesgo de complicaciones macrovasculares (enfermedad cardiovascular, enfermedad vascular periférica) o microvasculares (retinopatía, nefropatía o neuropatía), ambos incrementan tanto la mortalidad como la morbilidad perioperatoria de estos pacientes. Los pacientes con diabetes tienen un mayor riesgo de una mala cicatrización de las heridas, infección respiratoria, infarto de miocardio, ingreso en la UCI y mayor duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Todo esto incrementa los costes de tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes. El control de la glucemia perioperatoria sigue siendo un importante problema clínico sin una solución universalmente aceptada. La mayoría de los conocimientos sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes con DM2 sometidos a cirugía proviene de la de la cirugía cardíaca, y algunos, aunque menos, de la cirugía no cardiaca y cirugía bariátrica. La cirugía bariátrica se realiza cada vez más en pacientes con obesidad mórbida complicado con diabetes tipo 2, y se diferencia de la cirugía general en que inmediatamente mejora la homeostasis de la glucosa tras la operación. Las mejoras en el control de la glucemia parecen ser independientes de la pérdida de peso y esto requiere un manejo postoperatorio diferente. Los pacientes por lo general tienen que seguir dietas específicas preoperatorias que conducen a la mejora de la glucemia inmediatamente antes de la cirugía. En este artículos revisamos los datos disponibles sobre la mortalidad y la morbilidad de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 sometidos a cirugía (cirugía cardíaca, no cardíaco y bariátrica) y el conocimiento actual de los efectos preoperatorios, intraoperatorios y postoperatorios que el control de la glucemia tiene sobre los resultados operatorios.

Influence of diabetes surgery on gut hormones and incretins.

The dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major global public health issue. There is increasing evidence that metabolic surgery is more effective than diet and exercise for diabetes remission and weight loss. Moreover, the rapid time course and disproportional degree of T2DM improvement after metabolic procedures compared with equivalent weight loss with conservative treatment, suggest surgery-specific, weight-independent effects on glucose homeostasis. Gut hormones has been proposed as one of the potential mechanisms for the weight-independent diabetes remission and long-term weight loss after these procedures. In this review we discuss the available current metabolic procedures and we review the current human data on changes in gut hormones after each metabolic procedure.

El espectacular aumento de la prevalencia de la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) se ha convertido en un importante problema de salud pública mundial. Hay evidencias crecientes de que la cirugía metabólica es más eficaz que la dieta y el ejercicio para remisión de la diabetes y la pérdida de peso. Por otra parte, el inmediato y elevado grado de mejora de la DM2 tras los procedimientos metabólicos en comparación con la equivalente pérdida de peso mediante el tratamiento conservador, sugieren efectos específicos de la cirugía, peso-independientes en la homeostasis de la glucosa. Se han propuesto a las hormonas intestinales como uno de los posibles mecanismos para la remisión de la diabetes peso-independiente y la pérdida de peso a largo plazo la después de estos procedimientos. En esta revisión se discuten los procedimientos metabólicos actuales disponibles y se revisan los datos humanos actuales sobre los cambios en las hormonas intestinales después de cada procedimiento metabólico.

Role of proximal gut exclusion from food on glucose homeostasis in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: To report Type 2 diabetes-related outcomes after the implantation of a duodenal-jejunal bypass liner device and to investigate the role of proximal gut exclusion from food in glucose homeostasis using the model of this device. METHODS: Sixteen patients with Type 2 diabetes and BMI <36 kg/m(2) were evaluated before and 1, 12 and 52 weeks after duodenal-jejunal bypass liner implantation and 26 weeks after explantation. Mixed-meal tolerance tests were conducted over a period of 120 min and glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels were measured. The Matsuda index and the homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance were used for the estimation of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. The insulin secretion rate was calculated using deconvolution of C-peptide levels. RESULTS: Body weight decreased by 1.3 kg after 1 week and by 2.4 kg after 52 weeks (P < 0.001). One year after duodenal-jejunal bypass liner implantation, the mean (sem) HbA(1c) level decreased from 71.3 (2.4) mmol/mol (8.6[0.2]%) to 58.1 (4.4) mmol/mol (7.5 [0.4]%) and mean (sem) fasting glucose levels decreased from 203.3 (13.5) mg/dl to 155.1 (13.1) mg/dl (both P < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity improved by >50% as early as 1 week after implantation as measured by the Matsuda index and the homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance (P < 0.001), but there was a trend towards deterioration in all the above-mentioned variables 26 weeks after explantation. Fasting insulin levels, insulin area under the curve, fasting C-peptide, C-peptide area under the curve, fasting insulin and total insulin secretion rates did not change during the duodenal-jejunal bypass liner implantation period or after explantation. CONCLUSIONS: The duodenal-jejunal bypass liner improves glycaemia in overweight and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes by rapidly improving insulin sensitivity. A reduction in hepatic glucose output is the most likely explanation for this improvement.

Hepcidin levels in diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome.

AIM: Increased body iron is associated with insulin resistance. Hepcidin is the key hormone that negatively regulates iron homeostasis. We hypothesized that individuals with insulin resistance have inadequate hepcidin levels for their iron load. METHODS: Serum concentrations of the active form of hepcidin (hepcidin-25) and hepcidin:ferritin ratio were evaluated in participants with Type 2 diabetes (n = 33, control subjects matched for age, gender and BMI, n = 33) and participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 27, control subjects matched for age and BMI, n = 16). To investigate whether any changes observed were associated with insulin resistance rather than insulin deficiency or hyperglycaemia per se, the same measurements were made in participants with Type 1 diabetes (n = 28, control subjects matched for age, gender and BMI, n = 30). Finally, the relationship between homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and serum hepcidin:ferritin ratio was explored in overweight or obese participants without diabetes (n = 16). RESULTS: Participants with Type 2 diabetes had significantly lower hepcidin and hepcidin:ferritin ratio than control subjects (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Participants with polycystic ovary syndrome had a significantly lower hepcidin:ferritin ratio than control subjects (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in hepcidin or hepcidin:ferritin ratio between participants with Type 1 diabetes and control subjects (P = 0.88 and P = 0.94). Serum hepcidin:ferritin ratio inversely correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.59, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance, but not insulin deficiency or hyperglycaemia per se, is associated with inadequate hepcidin levels. Reduced hepcidin concentrations may cause increased body iron stores in insulin-resistant states.

Morbidity and mortality of diabetes with surgery / Morbi-mortalidad en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 tras cirugía electiva

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased; as a result the number of patients with T2DM undergoing surgical procedures has also increased. This population is at high risk of macrovascular (cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease) or microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy) complications, both increasing their perioperative morbidity and mortality. Diabetes patients are more at risk of poor wound healing, respiratory infection, myocardial infarction, admission to intensive care, and increased hospital length of stay. This leads to increased inpatient costs. The outcome of perioperative glycaemia management remains a significant clinical problem without a universally accepted solution. The majority of evidence on morbidity and mortality of T2DM patients undergoing surgery comes from the setting of cardiac surgery; there was less evidence on non-cardiac surgery and bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is increasingly performed in patients with severe obesity complicated by T2DM, but is distinguished from general surgery as it immediately improves the glucose homeostasis postoperatively. The improvements in glycaemia are thought to be independent of weight loss and this requires different postoperative management. Patients usually have to follow specific preoperative diets which lead to improvement in glycaemia immediately before surgery. Here we review the available data on the mortality and morbidity of patients with T2DM who underwent elective surgery (cardiac, non-cardiac and bariatric surgery) and the current knowledge of the impact that preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative glycaemic management has on operative outcomes (AU)

La prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) ha incrementado en los últimos años, y como resultado, el número de pacientes con DM2 sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos también ha aumentado. Esta población posee un alto riesgo de complicaciones macrovasculares (enfermedad cardiovascular, enfermedad vascular periférica) o microvasculares (retinopatía, nefropatía o neuropatía), ambos incrementan tanto la mortalidad como la morbilidad perioperatoria de estos pacientes. Los pacientes con diabetes tienen un mayor riesgo de una mala cicatrización de las heridas, infección respiratoria, infarto de miocardio, ingreso en la UCI y mayor duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Todo esto incrementa los costes de tratamiento de este tipo de pacientes. El control de la glucemia perioperatoria sigue siendo un importante problema clínico sin una solución universalmente aceptada. La mayoría de los conocimientos sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes con DM2 sometidos a cirugía proviene de la de la cirugía cardíaca, y algunos, aunque menos, de la cirugía no cardiaca y cirugía bariátrica. La cirugía bariátrica se realiza cada vez más en pacientes con obesidad mórbida complicado con diabetes tipo 2, y se diferencia de la cirugía general en que inmediatamente mejora la homeostasis de la glucosa tras la operación. Las mejoras en el control de la glucemia parecen ser independientes de la pérdida de peso y esto requiere un manejo postoperatorio diferente. Los pacientes por lo general tienen que seguir dietas específicas preoperatorias que conducen a la mejora de la glucemia inmediatamente antes de la cirugía. En este artículos revisamos los datos disponibles sobre la mortalidad y la morbilidad de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 sometidos a cirugía (cirugía cardíaca, no cardíaco y bariátrica) y el conocimiento actual de los efectos preoperatorios, intraoperatorios y postoperatorios que el control de la glucemia tiene sobre los resultados operatorios (AU)

Influence of diabetes surgery on gut hormones and incretins / Influencia de cirugía diabetes sobre hormonas intestinales e incretinas

The dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major global public health issue. There is increasing evidence that metabolic surgery is more effective than diet and exercise for diabetes remission and weight loss. Moreover, the rapid time course and disproportional degree of T2DM improvement after metabolic procedures compared with equivalent weight loss with conservative treatment, suggest surgery-specific, weight-independent effects on glucose homeostasis. Gut hormones has been proposed as one of the potential mechanisms for the weight-independent diabetes remission and long-term weight loss after these procedures. In this review we discuss the available current metabolic procedures and we review the current human data on changes in gut hormones after each metabolic procedure (AU)

El espectacular aumento de la prevalencia de la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) se ha convertido en un importante problema de salud pública mundial. Hay evidencias crecientes de que la cirugía metabólica es más eficaz que la dieta y el ejercicio para remisión de la diabetes y la pérdida de peso. Por otra parte, el inmediato y elevado grado de mejora de la DM2 tras los procedimientos metabólicos en comparación con la equivalente pérdida de peso mediante el tratamiento conservador, sugieren efectos específicos de la cirugía, peso-independientes en la homeostasis de la glucosa. Se han propuesto a las hormonas intestinales como uno de los posibles mecanismos para la remisión de la diabetes peso-independiente y la pérdida de peso a largo plazo la después de estos procedimientos. En esta revisión se discuten los procedimientos metabólicos actuales disponibles y se revisan los datos humanos actuales sobre los cambios en las hormonas intestinales después de cada procedimiento metabólico (AU)